Tổng hợp lý thuyết câu tường thuật (reported speech) là gì? công thức và cách áp dụng tiếng anh lớp 12


CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT LÀ GÌ VÀ CÁC KIẾN THỨC CẦN NẮM

Câu tường thuật là loại câu thuật lại lời nói của người khác dưới dạng gián tiếp.

Một số thay đổi cơ bản khi tường thuật

Khi chuyển từ câu nói trực tiếp sang câu nói gián tiếp có những thay đổi sau:

 

Các đại từ

 

Các đại từ

Trực tiếp

Gián tiếp

Subject pronouns

I

he/ she

You

I/ We/ They

We

We/ They

Object pronouns

me

him/ her

you

me/ us/ them

us

us/ them

Possessive adjectives

my

his/ her

your

my/ our/ their

our

our/ their

Possessive pronouns

mine

his/ hers

yours

mine/ ours/ theirs

ours

ours/ theirs

Demonstratives

this

that

these

those

 

Trạng từ chỉ thời gian

 

Trực tiếp

Gián tiếp

Today

that day

Tonight

that night

Tomorrow

the next day/ the following day

Tomorrow morning

the next morning

Yesterday

the day before/ the previous day

Ago

before

Now

then

Next (Tuesday)

the next/ following Tuesday

 

 

 

 

Last (Tuesday)

the previous Tuesday/ the Tuesday before

The day after tomorrow

in two days’ time/ two days later

The day before yesterday

two days before

Here

there

 

Thì của động từ

 

Tên thì

Trực tiếp

Gián tiếp

Hiện tại đơn

–  V(bare)/V(s,es)

He said: “I live in a big city.”

–  am/is/are

She said: “I am at home.”

– Ved/ V (cột 2)

He said (that) he lived in a big city.

– Was/were

She said (that) she was at home.

Quá khứ đơn

–  Ved/V (cột 2)

Peter said: “I did it by myself.”

–  Was/were

Mary said: “I was in the park last Sunday.”

–  Had + VPII

Peter said (that) he had done it by himself.

–  Had been

Mary said (that) she had been in the park the Sunday before.

Hiện tại tiếp diễn

Am/is/are + V-ing

She said: “we are learning now.”

Was/were + V-ing

She said (that) she was learning then.

Quá khứ tiếp diễn

Was/were + V-ing

He said: “I was sleeping then.”

Had + been + V-ing

He said (that) he had been sleeping then

Hiện tại hoàn thành

Have/has + Vp2

He said: “Someone has stolen my bag.”

Had + Vp2

He said fthati someone had stolen his bag

Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn

Have/has + been + Ving

She said: “I have been waiting for you for 3 hours.”

Had + been + Ving

She said (that) she had been waiting for me for 3 hours.

Tương lai đơn

Will/shall + V(bare)

Lan said: “I will call you tonight.”

Would + V(bare)

Lan said fthatf) she would call me that night.

Tương lai gần

Am/is/are + going to + V

Huong said: “we are going to have a party next weekend.”

Was/were + going to + V

Huong said (that) they were going to have a party the next weekend.”

Động từ khuyết thiếu

Can

He said: “I can’t come on time.”

Could

He said (that) he couldn’t come on time.

 

 

 

 

 

– Must/have to (sự bắt buộc)

– Had to

She said: “I must take care of my little brother.”

She said (that) she had to take care of her little brother.

– Must (sự suy diễn)

– Must

He said: “You must be tired now.”

He said (that) I must be tired then.

– Must (đưa ra lời khuyên)

– Must

My father said: “This exam is very important. You must prepare for it well.”

My father said (that) that exam was very important and I must prepare for it well.

– Mustn’t (sự cấm đoán)

– Mustn’t

She said: “You mustn’t make noise here.”

She said (that) I mustn’t make noise there.

May

Might

My teacher said: “You may use dictionaries for this test.”

My teacher said (that) we might use dictionaries for that test.

Need

Needed/had to

He said: “I need do it now.”

He said (that) he needed/had to do it then.

– Needn’t (dùng ờ hiện tại)

– Needn’t/didn’t have to

She said: “We needn’t set off early.”

She said (that) they needn’t/didn’t have to set off early.

– Needn’t (dùng ở tương lai)

– Wouldn’t have to

He said: “You needn’t come here tomorrow.”

He said (that) I wouldn’t have to come here the next day.

 

Không thay đổi thì động từ

Khi động từ tường thuật ở thì hiện tại hoặc tương lai

Ví dụ:

He says: “I have just finished my work.”

®He says (that) he has just finished his work.

Khi động từ tường thuật ở thì quá khứ, cũng không có thay đổi thì động từ trong những trường hợp sau

Tường thuật một sự thật hiển nhiên, một chân lí

Ví dụ:

The little boy said: “Mother’s mother is grandmother.”

®The little boy said mother’s mother is grandmother.

Khi động từ trong câu trực tiếp có các thì: quá khứ tiếp diễn kết hợp với quá khứ đơn, quá khứ đơn với quá khứ hoàn thành, quá khứ đơn (đi kèm thời gian cụ thể)

Ví dụ:

He said: “I was doing my homework when my mother came in.”

 

 

 

 

 

He said: “I was born in 2000.”

®He said (that) he was born in 2000.

Khi động từ trong câu trực tiếp có: used to, should, would, could, might, ought to, had better, would rather

Ví dụ:

Peter said: “We used to go fishing in the afternoon.”

®Peter said (that) they used to go fishing in the afternoon.

Khi tường thuật mệnh đề ước muốn với “wish” và “if only” 

Ví dụ:

He said: “I wish I were taller.”

®He said (that) he wished he were taller.

Câu điều kiện loại 2, 3

Ví dụ:

He said: “If I were you, I would apologize to Linda.”

®He said (that) if he were me, he would apologize to Linda.

Cấu trúc: “It’s (high/about) time…”

Ví dụ:

My mother said: “It is high time you washed the dishes.”

®My mother said (that) it was high time I washed the dishes.

 

 





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