CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT LÀ GÌ VÀ CÁC KIẾN THỨC CẦN NẮM
Câu tường thuật là loại câu thuật lại lời nói của người khác dưới dạng gián tiếp.
Một số thay đổi cơ bản khi tường thuật
Khi chuyển từ câu nói trực tiếp sang câu nói gián tiếp có những thay đổi sau:
Các đại từ
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Các đại từ |
Trực tiếp |
Gián tiếp |
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Subject pronouns |
I |
he/ she |
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You |
I/ We/ They |
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We |
We/ They |
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Object pronouns |
me |
him/ her |
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you |
me/ us/ them |
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us |
us/ them |
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Possessive adjectives |
my |
his/ her |
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your |
my/ our/ their |
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our |
our/ their |
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Possessive pronouns |
mine |
his/ hers |
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yours |
mine/ ours/ theirs |
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ours |
ours/ theirs |
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Demonstratives |
this |
that |
|
these |
those |
Trạng từ chỉ thời gian
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Trực tiếp |
Gián tiếp |
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Today |
that day |
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Tonight |
that night |
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Tomorrow |
the next day/ the following day |
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Tomorrow morning |
the next morning |
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Yesterday |
the day before/ the previous day |
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Ago |
before |
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Now |
then |
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Next (Tuesday) |
the next/ following Tuesday |
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Last (Tuesday) |
the previous Tuesday/ the Tuesday before |
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The day after tomorrow |
in two days’ time/ two days later |
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The day before yesterday |
two days before |
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Here |
there |
Thì của động từ
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Tên thì |
Trực tiếp |
Gián tiếp |
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Hiện tại đơn |
– V(bare)/V(s,es) He said: “I live in a big city.” – am/is/are She said: “I am at home.” |
– Ved/ V (cột 2) He said (that) he lived in a big city. – Was/were She said (that) she was at home. |
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Quá khứ đơn |
– Ved/V (cột 2) Peter said: “I did it by myself.” – Was/were Mary said: “I was in the park last Sunday.” |
– Had + VPII Peter said (that) he had done it by himself. – Had been Mary said (that) she had been in the park the Sunday before. |
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Hiện tại tiếp diễn |
Am/is/are + V-ing She said: “we are learning now.” |
Was/were + V-ing She said (that) she was learning then. |
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Quá khứ tiếp diễn |
Was/were + V-ing He said: “I was sleeping then.” |
Had + been + V-ing He said (that) he had been sleeping then |
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Hiện tại hoàn thành |
Have/has + Vp2 He said: “Someone has stolen my bag.” |
Had + Vp2 He said fthati someone had stolen his bag |
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Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn |
Have/has + been + Ving She said: “I have been waiting for you for 3 hours.” |
Had + been + Ving She said (that) she had been waiting for me for 3 hours. |
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Tương lai đơn |
Will/shall + V(bare) Lan said: “I will call you tonight.” |
Would + V(bare) Lan said fthatf) she would call me that night. |
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Tương lai gần |
Am/is/are + going to + V Huong said: “we are going to have a party next weekend.” |
Was/were + going to + V Huong said (that) they were going to have a party the next weekend.” |
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Động từ khuyết thiếu |
Can He said: “I can’t come on time.” |
Could He said (that) he couldn’t come on time. |
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– Must/have to (sự bắt buộc) |
– Had to |
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She said: “I must take care of my little brother.” |
She said (that) she had to take care of her little brother. |
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– Must (sự suy diễn) |
– Must |
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He said: “You must be tired now.” |
He said (that) I must be tired then. |
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– Must (đưa ra lời khuyên) |
– Must |
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My father said: “This exam is very important. You must prepare for it well.” |
My father said (that) that exam was very important and I must prepare for it well. |
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– Mustn’t (sự cấm đoán) |
– Mustn’t |
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She said: “You mustn’t make noise here.” |
She said (that) I mustn’t make noise there. |
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May |
Might |
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My teacher said: “You may use dictionaries for this test.” |
My teacher said (that) we might use dictionaries for that test. |
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Need |
Needed/had to |
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He said: “I need do it now.” |
He said (that) he needed/had to do it then. |
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– Needn’t (dùng ờ hiện tại) |
– Needn’t/didn’t have to |
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She said: “We needn’t set off early.” |
She said (that) they needn’t/didn’t have to set off early. |
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– Needn’t (dùng ở tương lai) |
– Wouldn’t have to |
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He said: “You needn’t come here tomorrow.” |
He said (that) I wouldn’t have to come here the next day. |
Không thay đổi thì động từ
Khi động từ tường thuật ở thì hiện tại hoặc tương lai
Ví dụ:
He says: “I have just finished my work.”
®He says (that) he has just finished his work.
Khi động từ tường thuật ở thì quá khứ, cũng không có thay đổi thì động từ trong những trường hợp sau
Tường thuật một sự thật hiển nhiên, một chân lí
Ví dụ:
The little boy said: “Mother’s mother is grandmother.”
®The little boy said mother’s mother is grandmother.
Khi động từ trong câu trực tiếp có các thì: quá khứ tiếp diễn kết hợp với quá khứ đơn, quá khứ đơn với quá khứ hoàn thành, quá khứ đơn (đi kèm thời gian cụ thể)
Ví dụ:
He said: “I was doing my homework when my mother came in.”
He said: “I was born in 2000.”
®He said (that) he was born in 2000.
Khi động từ trong câu trực tiếp có: used to, should, would, could, might, ought to, had better, would rather
Ví dụ:
Peter said: “We used to go fishing in the afternoon.”
®Peter said (that) they used to go fishing in the afternoon.
Khi tường thuật mệnh đề ước muốn với “wish” và “if only”
Ví dụ:
He said: “I wish I were taller.”
®He said (that) he wished he were taller.
Câu điều kiện loại 2, 3
Ví dụ:
He said: “If I were you, I would apologize to Linda.”
®He said (that) if he were me, he would apologize to Linda.
Cấu trúc: “It’s (high/about) time…”
Ví dụ:
My mother said: “It is high time you washed the dishes.”
®My mother said (that) it was high time I washed the dishes.